Dow Theory
Charles Dow proposed several theories on the markets from the late 1800’s to the early 1900’s as part of his work as a journalist (and co-founder) of The Wall Street Journal. Most of his work centered on the relationship between business and financial markets. However one part of his work that is of interest to chartists looks at the identification of trends using an analysis of peaks and troughs. This is a useful technique to understand and is the subject of the next two modules.
Peaks and troughs are the pivot points or reversal points in price movement. It is the relative position of successive peaks and troughs that help determine if a market is rising, falling or moving sideways.
When a series of peaks and troughs are rising, the market is rising. When a series of peaks and troughs are falling, the market is falling. However it can be a little difficult to understand exactly how many peaks and troughs it takes to make a meaningful series, so consider the following diagram.
Here you can see a peak and trough followed by a higher peak and a higher trough. The market is considered to be rising after the formation of the higher trough. This is confirmed when the price rises above the higher peak, as shown in the diagram below using the thin line with the arrow to the right.
An end of a rising market is triggered when a lower peak or a lower trough is formed. This is illustrated in the diagram below. Starting at the left hand side of the diagram you can see the peaks are rising, and the troughs are rising as well. However, about half way along, a lower trough is formed. At this point, when the market falls below the previous trough, the market is no longer rising.
And it is important to note that the end of a rising market is not necessarily the beginning of a falling market. In a similar fashion to a rising market, a confirmed falling market requires a lower peak, a lower trough and a fall past the previous trough, as illustrated in the following diagram.
